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| HISTORICAL SPOT PRICES | ||||||||
| Monthly Average Spot Prices (EUR/MWh) — Nordpool Area Prices (Sample Data) | ||||||||
| Year | Month | Base (EUR/MWh) | Peak (EUR/MWh) | Off-Peak (EUR/MWh) | Peak Premium | Log Return (Base) | Abs. Change | |
| 2021 | 1 | 52.80 | 60.72 | 40.13 | 15.0% | |||
| 2021 | 2 | 50.96 | 60.13 | 37.71 | 18.0% | -0.035 | -1.84 | |
| 2021 | 3 | 45.00 | 50.40 | 32.40 | 12.0% | -0.124 | -5.96 | |
| 2021 | 4 | 38.76 | 44.57 | 30.23 | 15.0% | -0.149 | -6.24 | |
| 2021 | 5 | 33.28 | 39.27 | 25.29 | 18.0% | -0.152 | -5.48 | |
| 2021 | 6 | 31.80 | 35.62 | 23.53 | 12.0% | -0.045 | -1.48 | |
| 2021 | 7 | 26.32 | 30.27 | 18.95 | 15.0% | -0.189 | -5.48 | |
| 2021 | 8 | 28.80 | 33.98 | 22.46 | 18.0% | 0.090 | 2.48 | |
| 2021 | 9 | 34.30 | 38.42 | 26.07 | 12.0% | 0.175 | 5.50 | |
| 2021 | 10 | 42.00 | 48.30 | 31.08 | 15.0% | 0.203 | 7.70 | |
| 2021 | 11 | 51.00 | 60.18 | 36.72 | 18.0% | 0.194 | 9.00 | |
| 2021 | 12 | 60.32 | 67.56 | 47.05 | 12.0% | 0.168 | 9.32 | |
| 2022 | 1 | 186.56 | 214.54 | 141.79 | 15.0% | 1.129 | 126.24 | |
| 2022 | 2 | 156.42 | 184.57 | 115.75 | 18.0% | -0.176 | -30.14 | |
| 2022 | 3 | 138.24 | 154.83 | 99.53 | 12.0% | -0.124 | -18.18 | |
| 2022 | 4 | 119.17 | 137.04 | 92.95 | 15.0% | -0.148 | -19.07 | |
| 2022 | 5 | 102.40 | 120.83 | 77.82 | 18.0% | -0.152 | -16.77 | |
| 2022 | 6 | 97.92 | 109.67 | 72.46 | 12.0% | -0.045 | -4.48 | |
| 2022 | 7 | 93.18 | 107.16 | 67.09 | 15.0% | -0.050 | -4.74 | |
| 2022 | 8 | 101.76 | 120.08 | 79.37 | 18.0% | 0.088 | 8.58 | |
| 2022 | 9 | 105.28 | 117.91 | 80.01 | 12.0% | 0.034 | 3.52 | |
| 2022 | 10 | 129.02 | 148.38 | 95.48 | 15.0% | 0.203 | 23.74 | |
| 2022 | 11 | 156.80 | 185.02 | 112.90 | 18.0% | 0.195 | 27.78 | |
| 2022 | 12 | 185.60 | 207.87 | 144.77 | 12.0% | 0.169 | 28.80 | |
| 2023 | 1 | 100.98 | 116.13 | 76.74 | 15.0% | -0.609 | -84.62 | |
| 2023 | 2 | 97.34 | 114.87 | 72.03 | 18.0% | -0.037 | -3.64 | |
| 2023 | 3 | 85.86 | 96.16 | 61.82 | 12.0% | -0.125 | -11.48 | |
| 2023 | 4 | 64.30 | 73.94 | 50.15 | 15.0% | -0.289 | -21.56 | |
| 2023 | 5 | 55.30 | 65.25 | 42.02 | 18.0% | -0.151 | -9.00 | |
| 2023 | 6 | 52.92 | 59.27 | 39.16 | 12.0% | -0.044 | -2.38 | |
| 2023 | 7 | 50.40 | 57.96 | 36.29 | 15.0% | -0.049 | -2.52 | |
| 2023 | 8 | 55.08 | 64.99 | 42.96 | 18.0% | 0.089 | 4.68 | |
| 2023 | 9 | 65.52 | 73.38 | 49.80 | 12.0% | 0.174 | 10.44 | |
| 2023 | 10 | 80.14 | 92.16 | 59.30 | 15.0% | 0.201 | 14.62 | |
| 2023 | 11 | 84.60 | 99.83 | 60.91 | 18.0% | 0.054 | 4.46 | |
| 2023 | 12 | 100.22 | 112.25 | 78.17 | 12.0% | 0.169 | 15.62 | |
| 2024 | 1 | 59.29 | 68.18 | 45.06 | 15.0% | -0.525 | -40.93 | |
| 2024 | 2 | 57.20 | 67.50 | 42.33 | 18.0% | -0.036 | -2.09 | |
| 2024 | 3 | 50.49 | 56.55 | 36.35 | 12.0% | -0.125 | -6.71 | |
| 2024 | 4 | 43.47 | 49.99 | 33.91 | 15.0% | -0.150 | -7.02 | |
| 2024 | 5 | 37.31 | 44.03 | 28.36 | 18.0% | -0.153 | -6.16 | |
| 2024 | 6 | 31.02 | 34.74 | 22.95 | 12.0% | -0.185 | -6.29 | |
| 2024 | 7 | 29.57 | 34.00 | 21.29 | 15.0% | -0.048 | -1.45 | |
| 2024 | 8 | 32.34 | 38.16 | 25.23 | 18.0% | 0.090 | 2.77 | |
| 2024 | 9 | 38.50 | 43.12 | 29.26 | 12.0% | 0.174 | 6.16 | |
| 2024 | 10 | 47.12 | 54.19 | 34.87 | 15.0% | 0.202 | 8.62 | |
| 2024 | 11 | 57.20 | 67.50 | 41.18 | 18.0% | 0.194 | 10.08 | |
| 2024 | 12 | 67.63 | 75.74 | 52.75 | 12.0% | 0.167 | 10.43 | |
| 2025 | 1 | 49.12 | 56.48 | 37.33 | 15.0% | -0.320 | -18.51 | |
| 2025 | 2 | 47.42 | 55.96 | 35.09 | 18.0% | -0.035 | -1.70 | |
| 2025 | 3 | 41.90 | 46.92 | 30.16 | 12.0% | -0.124 | -5.52 | |
| 2025 | 4 | 36.10 | 41.52 | 28.16 | 15.0% | -0.149 | -5.80 | |
| 2025 | 5 | 31.01 | 36.59 | 23.57 | 18.0% | -0.152 | -5.09 | |
| 2025 | 6 | 29.64 | 33.20 | 21.93 | 12.0% | -0.045 | -1.37 | |
| 2025 | 7 | 28.20 | 32.43 | 20.30 | 15.0% | -0.050 | -1.44 | |
| 2025 | 8 | 26.79 | 31.61 | 20.90 | 18.0% | -0.051 | -1.41 | |
| 2025 | 9 | 31.92 | 35.75 | 24.26 | 12.0% | 0.175 | 5.13 | |
| 2025 | 10 | 39.10 | 44.97 | 28.94 | 15.0% | 0.203 | 7.18 | |
| 2025 | 11 | 47.50 | 56.05 | 34.20 | 18.0% | 0.195 | 8.40 | |
| 2025 | 12 | 56.20 | 62.95 | 43.84 | 12.0% | 0.168 | 8.70 | |
| SUMMARY STATISTICS | ||||||||
| Statistic | Base | Peak | Off-Peak | Peak Prem. | Log Ret. | Abs. Chg. | ||
| Average | 66.27 | 76.19 | 49.72 | 15.0% | 0.001 | 0.06 | ||
| Median | 51.90 | 60.16 | 38.44 | 15.0% | -0.044 | -1.48 | ||
| Std Deviation | 39.76 | 45.70 | 29.97 | 2.5% | 0.234 | 23.43 | ||
| Minimum | 26.32 | 30.27 | 18.95 | 12.0% | -0.609 | -84.62 | ||
| Maximum | 186.56 | 214.54 | 144.77 | 18.0% | 1.129 | 126.24 | ||
| Skewness | 1.45 | 1.44 | 1.48 | 1.482 | ||||
| Kurtosis | 1.60 | 1.54 | 1.84 | 8.889 | ||||
| CORRELATION MATRIX | ||||||||
| Base | Peak | Off-Peak | ||||||
| Base | 1.000 | 0.999 | 0.998 | |||||
| Peak | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.997 | |||||
| Off-Peak | 0.998 | 0.997 | 1.000 | |||||
| Note: All prices are sample/placeholder data. Replace with actual Nordpool historical data from authorized data providers. | ||||||||