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| EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING METHODS | |||||||||||||||
| Single (SES), Double (Holt), and Triple (Holt-Winters) exponential smoothing | |||||||||||||||
| SMOOTHING PARAMETERS (from Assumptions) | |||||||||||||||
| SES Alpha | 0.30 | DES Alpha | 0.30 | ||||||||||||
| DES Beta | 0.10 | HW Alpha | 0.40 | ||||||||||||
| HW Beta | 0.20 | HW Gamma | 0.30 | ||||||||||||
| A. SINGLE EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING (SES) | B. DOUBLE EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING (HOLT) | ||||||||||||||
| Period | Actual | SES Fcst | Error | |Error| | APE | Period | Actual | Level | Trend | DES Fcst | Error | |Error| | APE | ||
| 1 | 4,200 | 4,200 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 4,200 | 4,200 | 0.0 | 4,200 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | ||
| 2 | 4,350 | 4,200 | 150 | 150 | 3.4% | 2 | 4,350 | 4,245 | 4.5 | 4,200 | 150 | 150 | 3.4% | ||
| 3 | 4,800 | 4,245 | 555 | 555 | 11.6% | 3 | 4,800 | 4,415 | 21.0 | 4,250 | 551 | 551 | 11.5% | ||
| 4 | 5,400 | 4,412 | 989 | 989 | 18.3% | 4 | 5,400 | 4,725 | 49.9 | 4,436 | 964 | 964 | 17.9% | ||
| 5 | 5,800 | 4,708 | 1,092 | 1,092 | 18.8% | 5 | 5,800 | 5,082 | 80.7 | 4,775 | 1,025 | 1,025 | 17.7% | ||
| 6 | 6,100 | 5,036 | 1,064 | 1,064 | 17.4% | 6 | 6,100 | 5,444 | 108.8 | 5,163 | 937 | 937 | 15.4% | ||
| 7 | 5,500 | 5,355 | 145 | 145 | 2.6% | 7 | 5,500 | 5,537 | 107.2 | 5,553 | -53 | 53 | 1.0% | ||
| 8 | 5,200 | 5,398 | -198 | 198 | 3.8% | 8 | 5,200 | 5,511 | 93.9 | 5,644 | -444 | 444 | 8.5% | ||
| 9 | 4,900 | 5,339 | -439 | 439 | 9.0% | 9 | 4,900 | 5,393 | 72.7 | 5,605 | -705 | 705 | 14.4% | ||
| 10 | 5,100 | 5,207 | -107 | 107 | 2.1% | 10 | 5,100 | 5,356 | 61.8 | 5,466 | -366 | 366 | 7.2% | ||
| 11 | 5,600 | 5,175 | 425 | 425 | 7.6% | 11 | 5,600 | 5,473 | 67.2 | 5,418 | 182 | 182 | 3.2% | ||
| 12 | 6,500 | 5,303 | 1,197 | 1,197 | 18.4% | 12 | 6,500 | 5,828 | 96.0 | 5,540 | 960 | 960 | 14.8% | ||
| 13 | 4,500 | 5,662 | -1,162 | 1,162 | 25.8% | 13 | 4,500 | 5,497 | 53.3 | 5,924 | -1,424 | 1,424 | 31.6% | ||
| 14 | 4,650 | 5,313 | -663 | 663 | 14.3% | 14 | 4,650 | 5,280 | 26.3 | 5,550 | -900 | 900 | 19.4% | ||
| 15 | 5,100 | 5,114 | -14 | 14 | 0.3% | 15 | 5,100 | 5,244 | 20.1 | 5,306 | -206 | 206 | 4.0% | ||
| 16 | 5,750 | 5,110 | 640 | 640 | 11.1% | 16 | 5,750 | 5,410 | 34.7 | 5,265 | 485 | 485 | 8.4% | ||
| 17 | 6,200 | 5,302 | 898 | 898 | 14.5% | 17 | 6,200 | 5,671 | 57.3 | 5,445 | 755 | 755 | 12.2% | ||
| 18 | 6,500 | 5,571 | 929 | 929 | 14.3% | 18 | 6,500 | 5,960 | 80.5 | 5,729 | 771 | 771 | 11.9% | ||
| 19 | 5,850 | 5,850 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | 19 | 5,850 | 5,983 | 74.7 | 6,041 | -191 | 191 | 3.3% | ||
| 20 | 5,550 | 5,850 | -300 | 300 | 5.4% | 20 | 5,550 | 5,906 | 59.5 | 6,058 | -508 | 508 | 9.2% | ||
| 21 | 5,250 | 5,760 | -510 | 510 | 9.7% | 21 | 5,250 | 5,751 | 38.0 | 5,965 | -715 | 715 | 13.6% | ||
| 22 | 5,450 | 5,607 | -157 | 157 | 2.9% | 22 | 5,450 | 5,687 | 27.9 | 5,789 | -339 | 339 | 6.2% | ||
| 23 | 5,950 | 5,560 | 390 | 390 | 6.6% | 23 | 5,950 | 5,785 | 34.9 | 5,715 | 235 | 235 | 4.0% | ||
| 24 | 6,900 | 5,677 | 1,223 | 1,223 | 17.7% | 24 | 6,900 | 6,144 | 67.3 | 5,820 | 1,080 | 1,080 | 15.6% | ||
| 25 | 4,800 | 6,044 | -1,244 | 1,244 | 25.9% | 25 | 4,800 | 5,788 | 25.0 | 6,212 | -1,412 | 1,412 | 29.4% | ||
| 26 | 4,950 | 5,671 | -721 | 721 | 14.6% | 26 | 4,950 | 5,554 | -0.9 | 5,813 | -863 | 863 | 17.4% | ||
| 27 | 5,450 | 5,454 | -4 | 4 | 0.1% | 27 | 5,450 | 5,522 | -4.0 | 5,553 | -103 | 103 | 1.9% | ||
| 28 | 6,100 | 5,453 | 647 | 647 | 10.6% | 28 | 6,100 | 5,693 | 13.4 | 5,518 | 582 | 582 | 9.5% | ||
| 29 | 6,600 | 5,647 | 953 | 953 | 14.4% | 29 | 6,600 | 5,974 | 40.3 | 5,706 | 894 | 894 | 13.5% | ||
| 30 | 6,950 | 5,933 | 1,017 | 1,017 | 14.6% | 30 | 6,950 | 6,295 | 68.3 | 6,015 | 935 | 935 | 13.5% | ||
| 31 | 6,250 | 6,238 | 12 | 12 | 0.2% | 31 | 6,250 | 6,329 | 64.9 | 6,364 | -114 | 114 | 1.8% | ||
| 32 | 5,900 | 6,242 | -342 | 342 | 5.8% | 32 | 5,900 | 6,246 | 50.1 | 6,394 | -494 | 494 | 8.4% | ||
| 33 | 5,600 | 6,139 | -539 | 539 | 9.6% | 33 | 5,600 | 6,087 | 29.2 | 6,296 | -696 | 696 | 12.4% | ||
| 34 | 5,800 | 5,977 | -177 | 177 | 3.1% | 34 | 5,800 | 6,022 | 19.7 | 6,116 | -316 | 316 | 5.5% | ||
| 35 | 6,350 | 5,924 | 426 | 426 | 6.7% | 35 | 6,350 | 6,134 | 29.0 | 6,041 | 309 | 309 | 4.9% | ||
| 36 | 7,400 | 6,052 | 1,348 | 1,348 | 18.2% | 36 | 7,400 | 6,534 | 66.1 | 6,163 | 1,237 | 1,237 | 16.7% | ||
| MAE | 591 | MAPE | 10.3% | MAE | 626 | MAPE | 11.1% | ||||||||
| C. HOLT-WINTERS MULTIPLICATIVE SEASONAL METHOD | |||||||||||||||
| Period | Month | Actual | Level | Trend | Season | HW Fcst | Error | |Error| | APE | ||||||
| 1 | Jan | 4,200 | 5,127 | 29.2 | 0.819 | 4,200 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 2 | Feb | 4,350 | 5,156 | 29.2 | 0.844 | 4,350 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 3 | Mar | 4,800 | 5,185 | 29.2 | 0.926 | 4,800 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 4 | Apr | 5,400 | 5,215 | 29.2 | 1.036 | 5,400 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 5 | May | 5,800 | 5,244 | 29.2 | 1.106 | 5,800 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 6 | Jun | 6,100 | 5,273 | 29.2 | 1.157 | 6,100 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 7 | Jul | 5,500 | 5,302 | 29.2 | 1.037 | 5,500 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 8 | Aug | 5,200 | 5,331 | 29.2 | 0.975 | 5,200 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 9 | Sep | 4,900 | 5,360 | 29.2 | 0.914 | 4,900 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 10 | Oct | 5,100 | 5,390 | 29.2 | 0.946 | 5,100 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 11 | Nov | 5,600 | 5,419 | 29.2 | 1.033 | 5,600 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 12 | Dec | 6,500 | 5,448 | 29.2 | 1.193 | 6,500 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 13 | Jan | 4,500 | 5,484 | 30.5 | 0.820 | 4,487 | 13 | 13 | 0.3% | ||||||
| 14 | Feb | 4,650 | 5,513 | 30.3 | 0.844 | 4,652 | -2 | 2 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 15 | Mar | 5,100 | 5,530 | 27.6 | 0.925 | 5,131 | -31 | 31 | 0.6% | ||||||
| 16 | Apr | 5,750 | 5,555 | 27.2 | 1.035 | 5,755 | -5 | 5 | 0.1% | ||||||
| 17 | May | 6,200 | 5,592 | 29.0 | 1.107 | 6,175 | 25 | 25 | 0.4% | ||||||
| 18 | Jun | 6,500 | 5,620 | 28.8 | 1.157 | 6,502 | -2 | 2 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 19 | Jul | 5,850 | 5,645 | 28.1 | 1.037 | 5,860 | -10 | 10 | 0.2% | ||||||
| 20 | Aug | 5,550 | 5,680 | 29.4 | 0.976 | 5,533 | 17 | 17 | 0.3% | ||||||
| 21 | Sep | 5,250 | 5,723 | 32.2 | 0.915 | 5,219 | 31 | 31 | 0.6% | ||||||
| 22 | Oct | 5,450 | 5,757 | 32.5 | 0.946 | 5,446 | 4 | 4 | 0.1% | ||||||
| 23 | Nov | 5,950 | 5,777 | 30.0 | 1.032 | 5,983 | -33 | 33 | 0.6% | ||||||
| 24 | Dec | 6,900 | 5,797 | 28.1 | 1.192 | 6,928 | -28 | 28 | 0.4% | ||||||
| 25 | Jan | 4,800 | 5,838 | 30.6 | 0.820 | 4,774 | 26 | 26 | 0.5% | ||||||
| 26 | Feb | 4,950 | 5,868 | 30.5 | 0.844 | 4,950 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | ||||||
| 27 | Mar | 5,450 | 5,897 | 30.2 | 0.925 | 5,454 | -4 | 4 | 0.1% | ||||||
| 28 | Apr | 6,100 | 5,913 | 27.3 | 1.034 | 6,137 | -37 | 37 | 0.6% | ||||||
| 29 | May | 6,600 | 5,949 | 29.1 | 1.108 | 6,575 | 25 | 25 | 0.4% | ||||||
| 30 | Jun | 6,950 | 5,990 | 31.5 | 1.158 | 6,916 | 34 | 34 | 0.5% | ||||||
| 31 | Jul | 6,250 | 6,024 | 31.9 | 1.037 | 6,245 | 5 | 5 | 0.1% | ||||||
| 32 | Aug | 5,900 | 6,052 | 31.1 | 0.976 | 5,910 | -10 | 10 | 0.2% | ||||||
| 33 | Sep | 5,600 | 6,098 | 34.1 | 0.916 | 5,566 | 34 | 34 | 0.6% | ||||||
| 34 | Oct | 5,800 | 6,130 | 33.8 | 0.946 | 5,803 | -3 | 3 | 0.1% | ||||||
| 35 | Nov | 6,350 | 6,159 | 32.7 | 1.032 | 6,364 | -14 | 14 | 0.2% | ||||||
| 36 | Dec | 7,400 | 6,198 | 34.0 | 1.193 | 7,382 | 18 | 18 | 0.2% | ||||||
| MAE | 17 | MAPE | 0.3% | ||||||||||||
| HOLT-WINTERS 12-MONTH FORECAST | |||||||||||||||
| Period | Month | Level Proj | Trend | Season | HW Fcst | ||||||||||
| 37 | Jan | 6,232 | 34.0 | 0.820 | 5,112 | ||||||||||
| 38 | Feb | 6,266 | 34.0 | 0.844 | 5,285 | ||||||||||
| 39 | Mar | 6,299 | 34.0 | 0.925 | 5,824 | ||||||||||
| 40 | Apr | 6,333 | 34.0 | 1.034 | 6,550 | ||||||||||
| 41 | May | 6,367 | 34.0 | 1.108 | 7,053 | ||||||||||
| 42 | Jun | 6,401 | 34.0 | 1.158 | 7,412 | ||||||||||
| 43 | Jul | 6,435 | 34.0 | 1.037 | 6,675 | ||||||||||
| 44 | Aug | 6,469 | 34.0 | 0.976 | 6,311 | ||||||||||
| 45 | Sep | 6,503 | 34.0 | 0.916 | 5,957 | ||||||||||
| 46 | Oct | 6,537 | 34.0 | 0.946 | 6,186 | ||||||||||
| 47 | Nov | 6,571 | 34.0 | 1.032 | 6,781 | ||||||||||
| 48 | Dec | 6,605 | 34.0 | 1.193 | 7,878 | ||||||||||
| NOTES | |||||||||||||||
| 1. SES: Level only. DES: Level + Trend. HW: Level + Trend + Seasonality. | |||||||||||||||
| 2. First 12 periods are initialization for HW. Accuracy on periods 13-36. | |||||||||||||||